New England’s six states – Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut – each have vibrant seasonal economies heavily driven by tourism. From summer beach towns to autumn leaf-peeping and winter ski resorts, the region’s economy ebbs and flows with the seasons. Tourism is a cornerstone of New England’s economic activity: for example, Vermont’s 2023 visitors (15.8 million people) spent a record $4 billion, about 9.3% of the state’s GDP (New Data Shows Tourism is $4B Industry in Vermont | Agency of Commerce and Community Development) (New Data Shows Tourism is $4B Industry in Vermont | Agency of Commerce and Community Development). Likewise, Massachusetts saw 52.3 million visitors (50.2 million domestic and 2.1 million international) in 2023 who spent $23.6 billion ( Massachusetts Tourism statistics ) ( Massachusetts Tourism statistics ). This report provides a comprehensive overview of the largest seasonal tourism economies in each New England state, the types of seasonal attractions and their peak seasons, recent tourism traffic and revenue statistics (2019–2024 trends), the industry breakdown of seasonal businesses, and the challenges (labor, regulatory, environmental) faced by small businesses in seasonal economies. Finally, it offers recommendations to improve the sustainability and resilience of these seasonal business communities. The intended audience – small business owners, non-profits, chambers of commerce, membership organizations, and regional banks – can use these insights for strategic planning and advocacy.

The White Mountain region of New Hampshire is a four-season destination with an economy heavily influenced by tourism. Home to major ski areas, scenic natural attractions, and quaint towns, the region draws hundreds of thousands of visitors each year ( White Mountains Region of New Hampshire - NH Economy ). Winter tourism alone contributes an estimated $1.5 billion to New Hampshire’s economy each year (Winter tourism in New Hampshire: a ‘small but mighty’ economic driver — Granite State News Collaborative), and about 2.8 million visits are made annually to the state’s ski areas (mostly in the White Mountains) (Business NH Magazine). Summer remains the busiest season statewide, with visitor spending rebounding to record highs post-pandemic (e.g. $2.4 billion in summer 2023, exceeding pre-COVID summers) (Business NH Magazine). Fall foliage season is short but intense, while spring “mud season” and early winter (November) are traditional off-peak periods ( The Shoulder Season: Make or Break Time for Tourism Businesses | InDepthNH.org ) ( The Shoulder Season: Make or Break Time for Tourism Businesses | InDepthNH.org ).

This pronounced seasonality creates both opportunities and challenges for local industries. Businesses from ski resorts and hotels to restaurants and retail shops ride the wave of tourist influx in peak months, then face quiet shoulder seasons. This white paper provides a comprehensive analysis of these dynamics in the White Mountains, with an emphasis on winter tourism-heavy areas. We draw on data from economic development organizations, tourism boards, chambers of commerce, and local business surveys to examine how seasonal businesses operate, market themselves, and adapt. Key topics include the software and technology underpinning operations, marketing channels and strategies, the impact of seasonal reliance, the community’s level of digital adoption, cost structures and staffing challenges, and the support ecosystem available to businesses. We also benchmark the White Mountains against other seasonal destinations to glean best practices. Throughout, we highlight insights for both small businesses and local organizations, with call-out sections for “What this means for small businesses” and “What this means for organizations.” The goal is to provide clear takeaways and recommendations to improve sustainability and growth in a seasonal market.

Southern Maine’s shoreline – encompassing Sagadahoc, Cumberland, and York counties – represents the economic engine of the Pine Tree State. This region includes Maine’s largest metro area (Portland and surrounding Cumberland County), fast-growing suburban and rural communities in York County, and the historic shipbuilding hub of Sagadahoc County. Blessed with a picturesque coast and strategic location near Boston and Canada, these counties have attracted businesses, residents, and visitors for generations. They blend old and new: from Bath’s 19th-century shipyards and Freeport’s iconic L.L.Bean store, to modern tech startups at Brunswick Landing and biotech firms in Greater Portland. The convergence of a strong tourism industry, a skilled workforce, and robust local entrepreneurship makes the area unique – but it also faces distinct challenges like seasonal fluctuations and high costs.

This white paper examines economic trends, business challenges, and growth opportunities in Sagadahoc, York, and Cumberland counties. We draw on data from economic development partnerships, chambers of commerce, and state reports to paint a current picture of the regional economy. We also incorporate insights on how businesses operate – from the software powering their operations to the marketing channels connecting them with customers – and how seasonal tourism shapes their strategies. Recognizing that technology adoption and digital skills are increasingly critical, we consider the state of local businesses’ tech readiness. Crucially, we identify the total cost of running seasonal enterprises on Maine’s coast and highlight resources that help mitigate those costs, including key local support organizations. Throughout, we include case studies to illustrate challenges or successes, and we conclude each section with actionable insights. Whether you run a small boutique in Kennebunk, manage a restaurant in Portland, or work for an economic development group in Bath, this paper aims to provide practical, data-driven guidance to help your organization thrive in Maine’s coastal economy.

Cape Cod’s economy is a unique blend of industries driven by both its local community and a robust seasonal influx of visitors. Barnstable County (Cape Cod) had an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) of $16 billion in 2022, having rebounded from the 2020 downturn (). When adjusted for inflation, the region’s GDP grew about 8% from 2017 to 2022 (), indicating modest long-term growth despite a nearly 7% dip in 2020 due to the pandemic. The economy has since recovered to pre-pandemic levels by 2021 ().

Key Industries: Cape Cod’s employment is concentrated in a few major sectors. The top five industries by employment are Accommodation & Food Services, Health Care & Social Assistance, Retail Trade, Construction, and Educational Services, which together account for about 63% of year-round jobs on the Cape (). These sectors reflect the Cape’s hospitality-driven market (restaurants, lodging, and retail for tourists) as well as the needs of its year-round population (healthcare, construction, education). However, these labor-intensive sectors contribute a smaller share of output – only about 30% of the region’s GDP (). In contrast, the real estate and rental leasing industry – bolstered by Cape Cod’s expensive housing and prevalence of second homes – is the single largest contributor to GDP (over one-quarter of GDP) while accounting for under 2% of employment (). This highlights how wealth from property and rentals drives much of the regional economy’s value without directly creating many jobs. Other significant contributors to Cape Cod’s GDP include healthcare and social assistance, retail, and hospitality (Regional Wealth – Data Cape Cod), aligning with the main employment sectors.

Employment Trends: Overall employment on Cape Cod has seen slight decline in recent years, while wages have risen. From 2017 to 2022, average monthly employment in the private sector decreased by about 2.5%, but average wages increased by more than 30% in the same period (). Sectors like healthcare, food services, information, and finance saw higher actual wages even as job counts fell, suggesting a tightening labor market or productivity gains (). Unemployment rates in the region tend to be higher than the Massachusetts state average, largely due to the seasonal nature of work (discussed later). As of 2023, Barnstable County’s unemployment was 4.7% vs. 2.6% statewide, with every Cape town above the state average (Cape Cod: The Struggles of Year-Round Residents | Blog Latest News). Cape Cod’s year-round population skews older than the state average (median ages in some towns are 17–23 years above the Massachusetts median (Economic & Demographic Trends on the Lower & Outer Cape | Cape Cod Commission)), reflecting its popularity as a retirement destination. This aging demographic translates to a smaller year-round labor force and greater demand in healthcare and home services.

Revenue Streams: Cape Cod’s economy is heavily fueled by tourism spending and real estate income. Direct tourism expenditures inject well over $1 billion annually into the region (details in Section 4), supporting thousands of local jobs and tax revenues. At the same time, real estate wealth – from vacation rentals, second-home ownership, and related services – contributes substantially to regional wealth (). The service sector (restaurants, shops, arts/entertainment) captures visitor dollars, while construction and real estate businesses thrive on continual housing demand (new construction, renovations, and property transactions). There is relatively little large-scale manufacturing or wholesale trade on Cape Cod, as indicated by those industries’ very low representation compared to national averages (Location Quotients for Private Industry – Data Cape Cod). Instead, small businesses dominate the landscape, and many are tailored to serving visitors or providing local services in this geographically isolated peninsula.

What This Means for Small Businesses

Cape Cod’s small businesses should align their strategies with the region’s economic makeup. Owners need to recognize that hospitality and service sectors drive local employment – if you operate in these industries, understanding seasonal demand (peak summer vs. off-season) is critical. At the same time, the dominance of real estate in the economy suggests opportunities in supporting services: property management, home maintenance, and real estate services remain lucrative given the large housing investments. With wages rising and a tight labor pool, small businesses must plan for higher labor costs and competition for skilled workers. In short, knowing the Cape’s key industries and economic cycles allows small businesses to plan inventory, staffing, and investments wisely.

What This Means for Organizations

Local chambers, economic development groups, and policymakers should focus on diversifying the economy and addressing structural challenges. The heavy reliance on tourism and real estate means the region is vulnerable to seasonal swings and housing affordability issues. Organizations can use this data to advocate for policies that expand year-round employment – for example, attracting employers in technology or light manufacturing to balance the service-driven economy. Additionally, with an older workforce and rising wages, workforce development programs (training younger workers, retaining talent) become essential. Economic development organizations should also monitor wage and employment trends to tailor support (such as grants or tax incentives) that help small businesses remain sustainable despite higher operating costs. By targeting support to industries with growth potential beyond summer tourism, organizations can foster a more resilient, year-round Cape Cod economy.